INTRODUCTION Karl Landsteiner in 1900 first described the existence of major human blood groups. At present … BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMRead more
GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST
ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST The glucose tolerance test (GTT) is also known as the oral glucose … GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TESTRead more
CYTOLOGY
INTRODUCTION Definition Cytology is the study of individual cells and/or tissue fragments. Uses of Cytology •• … CYTOLOGYRead more
SPUTUM EXAMINATION
INTRODUCTION Sputum is a highly specialized watery, colorless and odorless product of the respiratory tract. Expectorated … SPUTUM EXAMINATIONRead more
PREGNANCY TEST
INTRODUCTION Pregnancy test detects human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG), which is a hormone secreted by the viable placental tissue. … PREGNANCY TESTRead more
SEMEN ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION Semen (seminal fluid) consists of spermatozoa (sperms) and the fluid part. About 40% cases of … SEMEN ANALYSISRead more
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID EXAMINATION
INTRODUCTION Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed within the ventricles and circulates in the subarachnoid space (between … CEREBROSPINAL FLUID EXAMINATIONRead more
BODY FLUIDS
INTRODUCTION Body fluids are lubricating fluids present within the body cavities. Normally, a small amount of … BODY FLUIDSRead more
CHEMICAL EXAMINATION IN URINALYSIS
CHEMICAL EXAMINATION Chemical constituents of a normal urine sample are shown in Table 50.5. Proteinuria Normal … CHEMICAL EXAMINATION IN URINALYSISRead more
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION IN URINALYSIS
INTRODUCTION Urine analysis (urinalysis) reflects the state of function of the kidneys and urinary tract. It … PHYSICAL EXAMINATION IN URINALYSISRead more