INTRODUCTION Karl Landsteiner in 1900 first described the existence of major human blood groups. At present…
Clinical Pathology
GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST
ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST The glucose tolerance test (GTT) is also known as the oral glucose…
CYTOLOGY
INTRODUCTION Definition Cytology is the study of individual cells and/or tissue fragments. Uses of Cytology ••…
SPUTUM EXAMINATION
INTRODUCTION Sputum is a highly specialized watery, colorless and odorless product of the respiratory tract. Expectorated…
PREGNANCY TEST
INTRODUCTION Pregnancy test detects human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG), which is a hormone secreted by the viable placental tissue.…
SEMEN ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION Semen (seminal fluid) consists of spermatozoa (sperms) and the fluid part. About 40% cases of…
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID EXAMINATION
INTRODUCTION Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed within the ventricles and circulates in the subarachnoid space (between…
BODY FLUIDS
INTRODUCTION Body fluids are lubricating fluids present within the body cavities. Normally, a small amount of…
CHEMICAL EXAMINATION IN URINALYSIS
CHEMICAL EXAMINATION Chemical constituents of a normal urine sample are shown in Table 50.5. Proteinuria Normal…
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION IN URINALYSIS
INTRODUCTION Urine analysis (urinalysis) reflects the state of function of the kidneys and urinary tract. It…